The aim of it tasks are to analyze the end result off breed and you can ages into the egg manufacturing as well as the eggs additional and you will interior top quality in five Italian twin-goal types , at the beginning and some days after than simply earliest weeks laying activity you to occurred, correspondingly, at the end of june/start of autumn plus wintertime, lower than changeable environment criteria.
2.step one. Animals and you can Rearing Conditions
Five Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), was basically noticed towards study. The human body weight off adult lady is actually step one.25 kg when you look at the PP, 2.29 kilogram during the Emergency room and you will 3.05 kilogram inside the RM and you may RL. The source ‘s the Veneto part (Italy): PP is actually a vintage regional breed; its origin are old back once again to the latest XIX century, however, zero appropriate study into the genetic resource exist. Additional breeds are produced during the Veneto from inside the 1950s: new Emergency room reproduce arises from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you may Rhode Isle (brownish eggshell breed) breeds, while into the RM and you will RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you will Light America, one or two brown eggshell breeds were utilized . Plus the mature fat, these types of breeds disagree within their plumage https://lovingwomen.org/sv/asiatiska-kvinnor/ the colour: it is golden within the PP, Emergency room suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly white having black colored extremities a number of places of one’s human anatomy, black colored feathers off primaries and tail and RL shows an excellent tawny plumage with black colored feathers out-of primaries and you will tail. All breeds (Shape S1) inform you unmarried brush and you may set shaded eggshell eggs (Shape S2).
2. Material and methods
Birds away from for each reproduce hatched meanwhile (last half from elizabeth ranch of your own Heart to own Chicken Biodiversity Preservation about Veneto region (they routinely offers up this new rearing of them breeds too when it comes to eggs design to have incubation and you will brooding), inside the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), away from hatching on pubertal many years and you can in the laying several months, and therefore started on end out of summer into the beginning of trip (Shape step 1), according to reproduce. Serving, rearing conditions (photoperiod, temperature) and prophylaxis procedures was in fact a similar to the four types, from the time off hatching on stop of your analyzed period, which was inside the , at the 53 days old. Brand new recently hatched chicks was leftover inside inside basic 4 months out of lifestyle, from the an ecological temperatures coming down out-of thirty-two to 24 °C, lower than infra-yellow radiation lighting fixtures, to the litter. On step one.5 days old, the new wild birds got free use of outdoor rooms, regarding springtime in order to trip and winter season. For every breed (60 hens) got 100 % free usage of outside (5 m 2 /bird) place (armed with linear drinkers), where in fact the hens stayed day long, in order to interior (cuatro hens/m 2 ) place (wood shavings and straw litter, having perches and you may round feeders), mainly utilized to possess installing egg (collective nests) at night; the area (interior and outside) available to for each and every reproduce is divided by the netting.
At the beginning of putting (around twenty two months of age for the breed having before start of putting), from inside the September–October, with regards to the reproduce, the latest photoperiod is sheer and you may decreasing, according to the year and geographic position of one’s demonstration channel inside North Italy (normally, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd months (out of 38 days of age, away from December to help you 53 months of age), artificial white try gradually increased (inside interior place, incandescent light bulb, regarding 60 lux) to get a great photoperiod from 14L:10D. New photoperiod is managed by a timekeeper, therefore was attained by flipping on the brand new light an hour before dawn and you will shutting off it an hour immediately following sundown. The brand new additional environment heat was ten ± step 3.4 °C and you can 11 ± step 3.0 °C, correspondingly, on basic (from the beginning out of October toward stop out of November) and the second (from the beginning of January with the stop from February) laying episodes, in the event the study on the give performance and eggs quality was in fact obtained. New pets got advertising libitum industrial feeds according to their mental phase (around three varied industrial nourishes into the expanding period). For the very first putting stage (26–33 days old, around decreasing sheer photoperiod), in the event the breeds started installing, new birds got a professional pelleted provide (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.8 MJ/kilogram, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and maize (PG = nine.1%, Me = thirteen.eight MJ/kg), at a ratio of 1:1. It is worthy of remembering one, at this ages, only the twin-mission and you can shaded eggshell types showed an adjustable start of installing and you can egg production rates, while the new hens of the other breeds of brand new Preservation Heart getting Biodiversity and you can hatched at the same time of your own learnt types, for instance the white eggshell types, failed to begin putting (Padovana breed) otherwise they shown an incredibly scant putting craft (Polverara breed), never attaining the threshold out-of 10% hen–big date egg production. The reason behind the option of brand new Conservation Center, to not play with a rss feed for laying hens during the this period, is actually on account of perhaps not pressuring this new pullets so you can eggs creation throughout the a period with coming down temperature and you will photoperiod. This new birds grew outdoors, significantly less than beneficial conditions to have skeletal wellness, walking on floor and you can significantly less than solar radiation. In the outdoor space for every reproduce, the current presence of yard open to the brand new birds is actually highest throughout new expanding months than just on onset of laying, and therefore taken place following the summer months, if the precipitation is actually scarce and you will did not support a beneficial lawn regrowth. Out of 38 so you’re able to 53 months of age, and you can below expanding photoperiod, the fresh new hens was given a commercial pelleted feed to possess laying (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.5 MJ/kg, California = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes comprised mostly out-of maize and you can soybean.